Varda: I think the maps show where to dump things rather.
Hervé: Yes, right, well, I read the map my own way because that's where I find my raw material. I am, among other things, a painter and a retriever.
Some other maps in Varda's film:
Hervé ('VR2000'): 'Loading up' means retrieving heavy objects people get rid of. To do so, town councils and city halls provide small maps such as this one. It shows all the streets, the districts and the days on which one can go and pick them up.
Varda: I think the maps show where to dump things rather. Hervé: Yes, right, well, I read the map my own way because that's where I find my raw material. I am, among other things, a painter and a retriever. Some other maps in Varda's film:
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Of the five spaces in which maps figure in L'Argent, the first is the most spectacular. We follow an agent of the banker Gundermann as he is led by a butler into an antechamber decorated to represent the reach of the banker's power. In combination with the cinematography, this mise-en-scène also displays the distorting, disorienting force of money. The second space is more conventional: in their modest apartment. the naive adventurer hero Hamelin and his wife Line examine a map of the Americas, though it becomes a mere backdrop to the expression of their love for each other. Later, in the same space, Hamelin explains his plans to the banker Saccard, with a view of a more detailed map of the region that Hamelin proposes to exploit for oil. We first see the scene diffusely, in a mirror, before passing to two readable mapshots. Next, in a room at the airport from which Hamelin will take off on a solo flight across the Atlantic, Line looks on in terror at the thought of the danger he will face. He enters, first seen as a shadow cast over a map of Europe and North Africa, which then becomes the backdrop to their passionate embrace on parting. The most often shown space in the film is the banker Saccard's office, dominated by a map of the world. Against this backdrop we see Saccard manipulate markets on a global scale, we see him attempt to seduce Line, and finally we see him arrested for fraud. Prior to Saccard's arrest we see Hamelin in Guyana (here with Antonin Artaud as Saccard's secretary). A map on the wall serves as establishing decor, but it cannot compete with the cartographic spectacles on display back in Paris. Hamelin returns to France and we see two policemen waiting to arrest him in the same room at the airport where he had kissed Line farewell. This time we see more of the cartographic decor, including the west coast of France: The film's denouement involves Line approaching Gundermann, and we see again, in more detail, his spectacular antechamber: The decor of L'Argent is one of Lazare Meerson's finest achievements, especially in the cartographic configurations of this last, framing space.
The schoolroom is one of the two settings in which a map in a film is most likely to be found, and this is the earliest example I know. Below are some later illustrations from French cinema.
‘After a credit sequence showing belle époque photographs three “nationalist” recitations are juxtaposed, before a map presents insistently the gaping wound that is Alsace Lorraine: the lies of propaganda, the desire for revenge, and then there is war.’
Corinne Françoise-Denève, ‘Retour de flamme: Grande Guerre et cinéma français dans le nouveau siècle’, in Carola Hähnel-Mesnard, Marie Liénard-Yeterian, Cristina Marinas (eds), Culture et mémoire: représentations contemporaines de la mémoire dans les espaces mémoriels, les arts du visuel, la littérature et le théâtre (Palaiseau: Les Editions de l’Ecole Polytechnique, 2008) p. 186. ‘Alsace Lorraine was not returned to France until the 1919 treaty of Versailles. While today's maps show no evidence of the shifting borders that these events have produced, the very name of the country continues to carry all of these events and the differing concepts of "France" that they have occasioned.’
Rick Altman, Film/Genre (London: BFI, 1999), p.69. There are two other maps in the film: here and here. And below is a similar map from a film made eighty-six years later, Christian Carion's Joyeux Noël (2005): ‘The film opens with a spinning globe and a zoom-in shot towards Western Europe and France. The map fades into a larger-scale map of Europe centred on Paris, from which a bold line is drawn toward the South through Marseille, the Mediterranean Sea, Oran and finally Casablanca, the setting for the film. At this point, the map dissolves into a view from a high roof in the city, followed by a vertical panoramic (tilt shot) that takes the audience down to the busy streets of Casablanca. In 1 min, we have crossed multiple scales from the entire globe to the street level.
This journey predates several of the zooming capabilities developed more than 60 years later in virtual globes. First, it integrates the combination of the spinning globe with a zoom effect on a specific point. Second, it uses a similar ‘jump’ effect as the one currently available in Google Earth to move from one place to another. In this case, the journey from Paris to Casablanca starts with a zoom in on Paris, followed by a zoom out moving toward Southern Europe, then a zoom in to Morocco and finally Casablanca. The jump effect is very compelling as it simultaneously follows the journey from Paris to Casablanca being traced on the map. Third, the perspective changes from 90 degree view of the cartographic representation of the world, to an oblique perspective of the streets of Casablanca and resonates with the recent development of street views functionalities in applications such as Google Map.’ Sébastien Caquard, Foreshadowing Contemporary Digital Cartography: A Historical Review of Cinematic Maps in Films’, The Cartographic Journal 46.1 (2009) A different map in the film. 'The diagram in Resnais is a superimposition of maps that defines an ensemble of transformations from layer to layer, with the redistribution of functions and the fragmentation of objects: the superimposed periods of Auschwitz. Mon oncle d’Amérique is a large-scale attempt at diagrammatic mental cartography, where maps are superimposed and transformed, in a single character and from one character to the next.'
Gilles Deleuze, Cinéma 2: l'image-temps (Paris: Minuit, 1985), p.160. |
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